ABSTRACT

Introduction: Nomadic architecture, with its diverse typologies and regionally adapted structures, is considered one of the most valuable and unique manifestations of vernacular architecture in Iran. As a vital component of the country's cultural heritage, it encapsulates both tangible attributes, such as materials, construction methods, and spatial arrangements, and intangible elements, including traditional knowledge, customs, and craftsmanship. Despite its historical and cultural significance, nomadic architecture remains underrepresented in contemporary architectural discourse.

Purpose of the research: This study aims to propose a comprehensive and systematic typology for nomadic architecture, one that not only reflects the diversity of temporary nomadic dwellings but also includes the full spectrum of structures associated with nomadic life and practices.

Methodology: The data for this research were collected using documentary study (library research) and field surveys in nomadic habitats. The research method is qualitative with a descriptive–analytical approach.

Geographical area of research: The selected case study for this research is focused on the Soleymani tribe, a prominent nomadic group residing in Kerman Province in southeastern Iran. This region is known for its ecological diversity, which plays a key role in shaping the architectural responses of its nomadic communities.

Results and discussion: The architectural heritage of nomadic communities is both varied and deeply embedded in environmental, social, and cultural contexts. Temporary dwellings such as black tents (siah chador), kapar, and alachigh, often grouped under the broader term "yurt," constitute only a portion of the architectural spectrum. A thorough typology of nomadic architecture must be constructed based on theoretical models that reflect this diversity. From a "genotypic" perspective, structures can be categorized by underlying spatial and structural principles. Given the inherently mobile and transhumant lifestyle of nomads, they construct shelters that range from temporary and semi-temporary to permanent, which can be analyzed through a "spatio-temporal" model. Additionally, nomadic architecture fulfills multiple communal functions, including housing, animal husbandry, defense, trade, recreation, and ritual. This multifunctionality allows for a "functional" typology that considers purpose alongside form.

Conclusion: Nomadic architecture should not be narrowly defined by its most iconic temporary forms, such as black tents or alachigh. Instead, it represents a comprehensive architectural system encompassing a variety of structures adapted to seasonal, environmental, and social needs. These include black tents, kapars, alachighs, fortresses, tombs, marketplaces, masonry-based residences, recreational facilities, and animal shelters. Recognizing and documenting this full spectrum is crucial for preserving and integrating nomadic heritage into broader architectural narratives and conservation efforts.